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ANFT JANUARY 2025

ABSTRACT

Bhatt, R.S., Sahoo, A., Sarkar, S. and Kumar, A. 2025. Effect of feeding different creep mixtures along with milk replacer on growth performance, nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in pre weaner lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 1-9.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding creep mixtures varying in protein and energy concentration on growth and nutrient utilization of lambs. Thirty-nine, 15 day old lambs of Malpura breed having eight male and five females in each group were randomly divided into three groups. All these lambs were fed liquid milk formula at the standardized rate and the ewes were stripped their milk once in the evening before allowing the lambs to suckle. Lambs in control (CM-1) were fed conventional concentrate whereas in test one (CM-2) nine percent soya flakes and in test two (CM-3) twelve percent roasted soybean respectively were added as a replacement of maize. Protein content was higher in CM-2 whereas in CM-3 both protein and energy content were higher than CM-1. Lower intake of concentrate as well as total dry matter intake was observed in roasted soybean added CM-3 however, it resulted in higher (P<0.05) energy intake due to higher (P<0.05) digestibility of organic matter than other two groups. Rumen fermentation parameters at 90 days of age revealed higher (P<0.05) total VFA production along with higher proportion of propionic acid in lambs fed CM-3 creep mixture. Growth performance revealed higher (P<0.05) weight gain and better (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio in lambs fed CM-3 than CM-2 and CM-1 groups. It can be concluded that in pre- weaning lamb rations having 10-12 percent roasted soybean yielding 18-19 percent good quality protein and 4-5 percent ether extract give higher performance and can be recommended in pre weaning ration.

Keywords: Creep mixtures, Lamb ration, Nutrient digestibility, Plane of nutrition, Rumen fermentation

Corresponding author: randhir.bhatt@icar.gov.in

ABSTRACT

Ba, M.L., Souare, M.L., Hounkpêvi, J.A., Adjei-Mensah, B., Tona, K. and Tchacondo, T. 2025. Nutrient retention of yellow corn hybrids and biochemical parameters in male sasso chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 11-22.

Corn is popular due to its high energy value among cereals. This quality is particularly sensitive and appreciated in poultry feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional retention of three yellow maize hybrids and biochemical parameters in Sasso chicken to help improve poultry rations in Togo. A completely randomized experimental design with four treatments and 16 replicates, each having one bird housed individually, was used. A total of 64, twelve weeks old (12) male sasso broilers with an average live weight of 1850 g were subjected to in vivo feeding for seven days. Three yellow maize hybrids (K5, K11 and Samaz52) and a local variety (Sotubaka as control) were tested. The nonparametric Kruskall Wallis test was carried out in the R 3.5.1 software environment to assess the effect of corn types on nutrient retention. The results showed that the nutrient retention of organic matter (OM) of the three hybrids was 89.20±2.33% for K5, 88.26±1.49% for Samaz52, 91.37±0.67% for K11, and 83.69±2.03% for the local variety Sotubaka. Crude protein and total ash, respectively 68.32±4.55% and 36.72±1.79% of the K5 hybrid, were better digested by the chickens relative to the other varieties. The Fat of the K11 hybrid (84.37±1.56%) was better used by the birds, while the Sotubaka variety had the most (77.16±4.01%) digestible crude fiber. Post-feeding total serum protein was affected by corn type (P<0.0001), with higher values (45.25 g /L) in chickens fed the K5 hybrid. The K11 hybrid and the Sotubaka variety resulted in the lowest cholesterol levels compared to the K5 and Samaz52 hybrids (P<0.0001). This study shows that K5, K11 and Samaz52 hybrids could be replacements for the local variety of corn in formulating a diet for Sasso chickens.

Keywords: Chicken, Hybrid corn, Nutrient retention

Corresponding author: lamaranaba.1978@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Raj, J., Reddy, E.T., Farkas, H., Vasiljevic, M., Raju, M.V.L.N., Prakash, B. and Rao, S.V.R. 2025. Effect of supplementing multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent on performance, immune responses, carcass and liver function variables in broiler chicken challenged with combined mycotoxins. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 23-37.

A six-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA) to minimize the toxic effects of combined mycotoxins (MT) supplementation in broiler diets. A total of 1584 Vencobb day-old broiler male chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments with 12 replicates of 22 birds per floor pen. Three graded levels of MMDA (0, 1.5, and 3.0 kg/ton) and two concentrations (without and with) of MT blend (aflatoxin 100 ppb, DON 200 ppb, and T-2 1000 ppb) were supplemented to maize-soybean diet in a 3 x 2 factorial manner. On the 43ʳᵈ day, carcass variables (ready-to-cook yields, relative weights of breast meat, abdominal fat) and relative weights of liver, thymus, spleen, and bursa were evaluated. Serum samples were analyzed for biochemical indices and immune responses. Liver, kidney and thigh muscle were analysed for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, T-2, HT-2, T₂ Triol, T₂ Tetraol, Deoxynivalenol and Deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM1). The results showed that the main effects (MT and MMDA) or their interaction did not affect performance, breast meat, abdominal fat, relative weights of immune organs, and serum protein and triglyceride concentration. The inclusion of MT significantly (P<0.05) reduced the antibody titers against the ND vaccine, increased the liver weight and activities of liver function enzymes (SGOT, SGPT), and decreased the gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and serum albumin concentrations. However, the addition of MMDA to MT contaminated diet significantly reduced the concentrations of liver function enzymes. The concentrations of mycotoxins tested in the tissue were below detectable levels. Based on the results, it was concluded that the addition of broad-spectrum MMDA (at 1.5 kg /ton) to the MT-contaminated feed reduced the negative effects of MT on immune responses and liver function in broilers exposed to combined mycotoxins.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Immune responses, Liver functions, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxin detoxifying agent, Performance

Corresponding author: svramarao1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Waghamare, A.B., Bhalerao, S.M., Khanvilkar, A.V., Patodkar, V.R., Doiphode, A.Y., Barate, A.K., Sardar, V.M. and Sonawane, G.S. 2025. Response of goats to dietary replacement of cottonseed cake with wet distillers grain with solubles on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and economics. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 39-46.

This study was conducted on eighteen growing goats with an average body weight of 10.82±0.45 kg with the objective to evaluate the response of goats to dietary replacement of cottonseed cake (CSC) with wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS). The goats were randomly divided into three groups with uniform body weight and sex ratio. The concentrate mixture containing CSC was fed to control group (A). In treatment groups (B and C), the CSC was replaced with WDGS at 50% and 100%, respectively, for 90 days on iso-nitrogenous basis. The average fortnightly body weight (g), average daily gain (g), total dry matter intake (g) and feed conversion efficiency did not differ (P<0.05) among the groups. The average digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen free extractives were significantly higher (Pd<0.05) in treatment groups as compared to the control group. The cost of production per kg weight gain (₹) was 102.00, 99.41 and 91.94 in groups A, B and C, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the replacement of CSC in the concentrate mixture with WDGS is economically beneficial for goat rearing

Keywords: Cottonseed cake, Digestibility, Goat, Performance, Wet distillers grains with solubles

Corresponding author: sanjaybhaleraoann@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Bakshi, M.P.S., Kaur, K. and Wadhwa, M. 2025. Nutrient composition of floating aquatic macrophytes and impact of supplementing azolla on nutrient utilization in goat bucks. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 47-55

This study was taken up to assess nutritional worth of floating aquatic macrophytes like Azolla pinnata (family: Azollaceae), Lemna minor (family: Lemnaceae), Spirodela polyrhiza (family: Araceae) and Salvinia molesta (family: Salviniaceae); and evaluated the best one as the goat bucks feed supplement. The DM content was very low in the above macrophytes (3.0 to 9.0%). Azolla had the highest (P<0.01) concentration of CP, water-soluble sugars, reducing sugars and true protein. All the aquatic macrophytes were rich in macro and micro minerals. Salvinia had the highest (P<0.01) concentration of heavy metals like arsenic, lead, chromium, and tin. The lowest concentration of arsenic and lead was observed in spirodela, chromium in azolla and tin in lemna. The concentration of all the tested heavy metals was well below the maximum tolerance limit. The in-vitro gas production studies revealed that the Azolla had the second highest net gas production and lowest methane production potential. Azolla was therefore, supplemented to the TMR fed to goat bucks at 5% on DM basis. The dietary supplementation of azolla improved DM intake, digestibility of nutrients and N-retention in goat bucks. It did not have any adverse impact on the health of animals. It was concluded that the tested floating aquatic macrophytes were rich in CP, macro and micro minerals. Heavy metals were well below the maximum tolerance level. Azolla having an edge over other macrophytes was supplementing to the TMR of goat bucks. The nutrient utilization and N-retention were not affected, except the digestibility of ADF, which was improved significantly in goat bucks.

Keywords: Floating aquatic macrophytes, Goat bucks, Heavy metals, Mineral profile, Nutritional evaluation

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kaur, N., Wankhede, S.D., Dutta, N., Jadhav, S.E. and Singh, G. 2025. Effect of Moringa oleifera inclusion on voluntary feed intake, blood metabolites and serum antioxidant status in Rohilkhandi kids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 57-66

This study scrutinized the effect of dietary supplementation of moringa foliage on the intake, blood metabolites and antioxidant indices in kids. Rohilkhandi male kids (18) of about 6 months old were randomly divided into CON, COT and MOT groups of 6 kids each as per their body weights in a completely randomized design. The male kids in CON (control) group were provided total mixed ration composed of concentrate mixture and wheat straw, whereas in COT and MOT groups kids fed TMRs having 25% of cowpea and moringa foliage, respectively, by replacing wheat straw of CON group. The kids were provided clean and fresh water twice daily. The quantity of offered TMR was adjusted fortnightly after recording the body weight (BW) of each kid. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake (% BW; g/kgW⁰·⁷⁵) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in MOT and COT groups than CON, however, serum urea level was decreased (P<0.05) in MOT and COT groups relative to CON. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in MOT group as compared to CON; however, COT has intermediate position. The activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in MOT followed by COT and CON groups. However, lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in CON as compared to MOT and COT groups. Similarly, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in COT and MOT groups relative to CON. Supplementation of moringa foliage as total mixed ration considerably improved feed intake, blood metabolites and antioxidant indices in Rohilkhandi kids

Keywords: Antioxidant indices, Blood metabolites, Kids, Moringa foliage, Supplementation

*Corresponding author: dutta65@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ghosh, T., Saikia, G., Tamuly, S., Borah, L., Konwar, P., Sarkar, B.D. and Kalita, M. 2025. Effect of supplementing spent mushroom paddy straw on milk production and milk composition in cattle. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 67-73.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing spent mushroom (Pleuroyuso streatus) paddy straw (SMPS) on milk production and its composition in lactating cattle. Eighteen healthy lactating crossbred cows of similar production were randomly divided into three homogenous groups i.e. T₀, T₁ and T₂ with six animals in each group. T₀ was control group in which, animals were fed balanced ration. In groups T₁ and T₂ balanced ration comprising of concentrate feed, green fodder and 50 and 100 percent of paddy straw was replaced by SMPS, respectively. No significant difference was observed in terms of average milk production, fat corrected milk, feed intake and feed conversion ratio among groups. The overall average milk fat, milk protein and total solid differed significantly among groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher milk fat (%) was observed in groups T₀ (4.51±0.07) and T₁ (4.48±0.04) and lowest was observed in group T₂ (4.33±0.08). Significantly (P<0.05) higher milk protein (%) was observed in groups T₁ (3.63±0.05) and T₀ (3.57±0.06) and lowest was observed in group T₂ (3.54±0.06). Significantly (P<0.05) higher milk total solid (%) was observed in groups T₁ (13.85±0.22) and T₀ (13.80±0.13) compared to group T₂ (13.55±0.19). The average milk lactose, milk ash, solid not fat and milk urea nitrogen did not differ significantly among groups. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that SMPS could be used for feeding dairy cattle replacing paddy straw up to 50 % without any adverse effect on milk production and its composition.

Keywords: Lactating cattle, Milk production and milk composition, Spent mushroom paddy straw

*Corresponding author: tanayghosh334@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Patil, P.V., Gendley, M.K., Dhok, A.P., Dubey, M. and Verulkar, R. 2025. In vitro dry matter, crude protein, NDF degradability and in vitro gas production of different crop residue based complete feed pellets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 75-88.

In vitro dry matter, crude protein, NDF degradability and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of different crop residue based complete feed pellets were evaluated in this experiment. In total, 16 different types of crop residue-based complete feed pellets were prepared by replacing paddy straw at 50, 75 and 100% with wheat straw, soybean straw, gram straw, arhar straw, and groundnut straw from roughage portion by maintaining 70:30 roughage to concentrate ratio. Each of the 16 different complete feed pellets were subjected to in vitro dry matter degradability and in vitro gas production procedures. Among all of the complete feed pellets gram straw based complete feed pellets had a significantly higher dry matter and crude protein degradability. Significantly higher NDF degradability was observed for arhar straw based complete feed pellets, whereas significantly higher IVGP was recorded for groundnut straw based complete feed pellets. Significantly higher DM, CP, NDF degradability and IVGP were found at 100% replacement level. The significantly higher IVGP was observed at 12 to 24 h of incubation. Among all crop residue based complete feed pellets, sole paddy straw based complete feed pellets had significantly lower DM, CP and NDF degradability and IVGP. Results of the present investigation indicated that the gram straw based complete feed pellets have better degradable dry matter and crude protein. However, groundnut straw based complete feed pellets have more fermentable nutrients.

Keywords: Crop residues, In vitro crude protein degradability, In vitro dry matter degradability, In vitro gas production, In vitro neutral detergent fibre degradability

*Corresponding author: drpv9ann@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Bhatt, R.S., Sarkar, S., Soni, A., Sharma, S.R. and Kumar, A. 2025. Growth performance and meat quality traits of rabbits fed complete feed pellets containing mulberry and stylosanthes forage compared to conventional feeding. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 89-107.

Comparative evaluation of complete feed pellets containing 70% mulberry (Morus alba) leaves, and 70% stylosanthes (Stylosanthes hamata) hay was made with conventional feeding on 60 Soviet Chinchilla rabbits weaned at 4 weeks. Weaners were distributed randomly into three equal groups (T₀, T₁, T₂) with similar average weights. Rabbits in T₀ were fed conventionally with ad libitum concentrate pellet and cowpea hay, whereas those in T₁ and T₂ were fed ad libitum complete feed pellets containing 70% mulberry leaves and 70% stylosanthes hay, respectively. The average daily gain was lower, while the feed conversion ratio was higher in T₁ and T₂ groups compared to T₀ (conventional group). The feeding cost/kg weight gain was lower in T₁ (₹ 64.4) and T₂ (₹ 75.1) than conventional (T₀) feeding system (₹ 94.9). Carcass traits revealed lower fat, loin eye area and higher bone per cent in T₁ and T₂ than T₀ group. The meat color showed lower redness (a) and chroma values in T₁ group. The fatty acid profile revealed lower SFA, MUFA and higher PUFA in T₁ and T₂ groups than in T₀. Further, meat from rabbits of T₁ group exhibited higher n-3 fatty acids, ideal n-6/n-3 ratio, higher peroxidizability and lower atherogenic and thrombogenic index values. On storage of nuggets under refrigerated conditions up to 3 weeks, lower TBARS value was recorded in T₂ and T₁ as compared to T₀ group; while redness (a) value was higher in nuggets of T₁ group. It can therefore be concluded that conventional feeding system for rabbits results in higher growth and better FCR, but at a higher cost due to the increased proportion of concentrate pellets. Complete feed pellets, especially those containing 70% mulberry leaves, reduce feeding costs, improve fatty acid profile, and extend the shelf life of meat and nuggets compared to stylosanthes hay feeding. For optimal economic and growth benefits, mulberry leaves should not exceed 70% in complete feed pellets.

Keywords: Carcass attributes, Fatty acid profile, Nuggets quality, Nutrient digestibility, Rabbit

*Corresponding author: bhatt_rs@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Kumari, P., Singh, P.K., Kumar, D., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Mankhair, P.V. and Kumari, A. 2025. Comparative efficacy of mycotoxin binder and herbal mixture on growth performance, nutrients retention, haemato-biochemicals and immune competence of broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 109-121.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of synthetic mycotoxin binder mycotoxin binder and herbal mixture in broiler chicken. A total of 200 day-old chicks were procured and randomly allotted using completely randomised design (CRD) to 4 treatment groups (T₁-T₄) with 5 replicates each having 10 chicks per replicates. All the experimental birds were reared for 35 days following standard and uniform manage mental conditions. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental diets for prestarter (0-7 days), starter (8-21 days) and finisher (22-35 days) were formulated following BIS (2007). T₁ group served as control fed with basal diet, experimental diet of T₂ group birds contained Aflatoxin B₁ at 70 ppb, T₃ group birds were fed with Aflatoxin B₁ at 70 ppb with synthetic mycotoxin binders at 1kg/ton of feed and T₄ groups were fed with Aflatoxin B₁ at 70 ppb each with herbal mixer at 1kg/ton of feed. Aflatoxin at 70 ppb (T₂) significantly (P<0.05) depressed growth performance, and had adverse effect on hematobiochemical parameters, immunological parameters (antibody titre against the NDV) and nutrient retention. Nutrient retention improved significantly (P<0.05) in T₄ as compared to T₂ and T₃. Growth performance in terms of BWG, FI and FCR improved (P<0.05) due to addition of synthetic mycotoxin binder mycotoxin binder (T₃) and herbal mixers (T₄), however, response of synthetic mycotoxin binder binders was better as compared to herbal mixers. Haematological parameters (Hb, PCV, and TEC) were higher in T₃ as compared to T₂ and T₄, but hematobiochemical parameters like ALT and AST activity significantly (P<0.05) reduced in T₄ as compared to T₃. Antibody titre against the NDV was lower in case of herbal mixture in comparison to synthetic mycotoxin binder. It was concluded that supplementation of synthetic mycotoxin binder and herbal mixtures reduced the severity of the aflatoxin B₁ toxicity and improved the growth performance, nutrient retention, haematobiochemical parameters and immunity in broiler chicken.

Keywords: Aflatoxin B₁ , Broiler, Growth, Hameato-biochemical, Immunity, Nutrient retention

*Corresponding author: vetpank@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kathyayini, C.S., Kishore, K.R., Kumar, D.S., Sravani, B. and Narendranath, D. 2025. Effect of feeding cashew nut kernel meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Japanese quails. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 123-131.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding ration containing cashew nut kernel meal (CNKM) at 0.0 (T₁ ; Control), 5.0 (T₂), 10.0 (T₃), 15.0 (T₄) and 20% (T₅) levels on growth performance and carcass parameters in Japanese quails. One-hundred-and-fifty-day-old quail chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments containing three replicates of ten chicks each (n=30 chicks/group) and reared for a period of five weeks. All the diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. The results revealed that the performance of all the experimental groups was similar in terms of feed intake, efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, while higher body weight gain (P<0.01) and performance index (P<0.05) were observed in the T₅ group compared to the control. Further, carcass trait yields were statistically similar among the groups. The feed cost/kg gain (₹) decreased by 1.30, 3.67, 7.21 and 11.5 in T₂ T₃ T₄ and T₅ respectively, as compared to the control. It is concluded that cashew nut kernel meal can be included up to 20% in the quail diet.

Keywords: Carcass, Cashew nut kernel meal, Growth performance, Japanese quails

*Corresponding author: dr_rajakishore@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Chanda, S., Paul, B.N., Singh, P., Ghosh, K. and Giri, S.S. 2025. The effects of interaction of iron and vitamin C on the growth of Labeo rohita juveniles. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 133-143.

A 92-day growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of two dietary levels of vitamin C for each of the three levels of iron from ferrous sulphate (25, 50, 45 ppm) on the growth of L. rohita juveniles (average initial weight 52.49±0.73g). There were six treatment groups with different levels of dietary iron and vitamin C viz., TR-1 (25 mg/kg FeSO₄ and 500 mg/kg vitamin); TR-2 (25 mg/kg FeSO₄ and 750 mg/kg vitamin C); TR-3 (50 mg/kg FeSO₄ and 500 mg/kg vitamin C); TR-4 (50 mg/kg FeSO₄ and 750 mg/kg vitamin C); TR-5 (75 mg/kg FeSO₄ and 500 mg/kg vitamin C) and TR-6 (75 mg/kg FeSO₄ and 750 mg/kg vitamin C). The graded levels of iron, with the combination of 500 and 750 ppm of vitamin C, were used to prepare diets fed to six treatment groups and a control (no supplementation) with three replicates each. Fish fed 75 ppm iron and 500 ppm vitamin C had the lowest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) but the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) regardless of dietary vitamin C level. The results revealed that the supplementation of basal diet with 500 ppm vitamin C and 50 ppm iron significantly (P<0.05) increased the final body weight, net weight gain (NWG) and specific growth rate (SGR). The activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were in the physiological range for fish. The iron content of fish tissue was higher with 500 ppm of vitamin C and 50 ppm of iron combination. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of vitamin C (500 ppm) and iron (50 ppm) to the basal diet of L. rohita juveniles increased the growth and is optimum for the growth of rohu juveniles.

Keywords: Alanine transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate transaminase, Iron, Labeo rohita, Vitamin C

*Corresponding author: bnpaulcifa@gmail.com

ANFT MAY 2025

ABSTRACT

Xiaohuang, C. and Islam, M.N. 2025. Drying kinetics and physicochemical properties of formulated cat food processed using hot air and microwave drying. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 145-162.

This paper explores the opportunity of different processing methods (hot air drying at 60°C, 80°C, 100°C, and microwave drying using 0.7W/g, 0.9W/g, 1.2W/g) on the overall quality of a novel formulated cat food. We compared the drying rates and drying kinetics of cat food and their effects on the appearance, fat content, protein content, textural quality and color properties of cat food. Hot air drying (60°C) took the highest drying time of 420 min, produced a golden colored product, while microwave drying (1.2 W/g) took 45 min, yielded a light yellow color. Logarithmic and Two Term models best fit the drying profile. Compared to hot air drying, microwave drying at 1.2 W/g had minimal effects on color properties, texture profile, and nutritional content of cat food. The study demonstrates that microwave drying, particularly at higher power levels, significantly reduces drying time and better preserves the nutritional, visual and textural properties of cat food compared to hot air drying.These findings highlight microwave drying as a promising technique for producing high-quality cat food with enhanced attributes.

Keywords: Fat, Hardness, Modelling, Nutrition, Parameter estimation, Pet food, Protein

*Corresponding author: nahidul.islam@gau.edu.bd

ABSTRACT

Hundal, J.S., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2025. Effect of Acacia arabica bark extract supplementation on the nutrient utilization and carcass quality of goat kids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 163-176.

This study was taken up to assess the effect of supplementing Acacia arabica bark (Babul chall) dry extract on nutrient utilization, productive performance and meat quality of Beetal goat kids. Eight male Beetal goat kids (5 months old; 14.58±0.58 kg body weight) divided into two equal groups, were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) containing green fodder and concentrate in a 50: 50 ratio on a DM basis or TMR supplemented with A. arabica at 2.0% of DM intake, for 90 days. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Daily DM intake, nutrient utilization and average daily gain (ADG), urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and blood profile were improved (P>0.05) in A. arabica supplemented TMR fed group. Higher (P<0.01) total-N and trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA-N) concentration was observed in strained rumen contents of three rumen fistulated Beetal goat bucks fed A. arabica supplemented TMR as compared to the control group. Supplementation of TMR with A. arabica improved (P<0.05) the concentration of total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen and, energetic efficiency of rumen fermentation improved (P<0.01), while that of hexose to methane was reduced (P<0.01) in A. arabica supplemented TMR in comparison to control TMR. The higher (P<0.01) ready-to-cook (RTC) carcass percentage resulted in higher RTC carcass yield in A. arabica supplemented group. Overall, the weight of most of the primal cuts was improved numerically; however, when expressed as per cent of dressed weight, most of these were improved significantly (P<0.01) in goat kids fed TMR supplemented with A. arabica as compared to those fed a control diet. The present study concluded that the weight of most of the primal cuts can be improved significantly by supplementing the TMR with A. arabica bark at 2% of DM intake in Beetal goat kids.

Keywords: Blood profile, Carcass quality, Goat kids, Herbal feed additives, Nutrient utilization, Purine derivatives, Rumen metabolites, Tannins

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Jivan, B., Nagalakshmi, D., Venkateshwarlu, M. and Rama Rao, S.V. 2025. Effect of dietary supplementation of lauric acid on immunity and gut morphometry in commercial broilers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 177-186.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary lauric acid (LA) supplementation as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) at graded levels on immunity, gut pH and morphometry in broilers. Three hundred, day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with 10 replicates of five chicks in each replicate, raised in battery brooders under uniform management for 42 days. The basal diet (BD) consisted of standard corn-soybean meal without an antibiotic growth promoter (negative control). The positive control diet was the BD having 0.035% chlortetracycline as AGP. The remaining four experimental diets were formulated by supplementing lauric acid to BD at a rate of 0.05% (LA-50), 0.075% (LA-75), 0.1% (LA-100) and 0.2% (LA-200), respectively. Blood was collected from one bird per replicate on 35th d to assess the humoral immune response against the ND vaccine. On the 35th day, one bird from each replicate was sacrificed for recording of gut pH and histomorphological studies of the gut. On the 40th day, an inter-digital skin test to phytohaemagglutinin phosphate was done on one randomly selected bird per replicate to assess the cellmediated immune response (CMI). Lauric acid supplementation (0.05-0.2%) increased antibody (log2) titers against the ND vaccine more than those on AGP and BD fed birds, and the CMI response improved with LA supplementation, with the highest (P<0.05) response in LA-75 fed birds. Villi height and crypt depth in the duodenum were highest (P<0.05) in LA-50, followed by LA-75, LA-100 and lowest in BD, AGP and LA-200 groups. Ileal pH was not affected, the pH of the duodenum and jejunum gradually lowered with an increase in the level of LA in diets and a significant reduction (P<0.01) was observed at 0.1% and 0.2% of LA supplementation. Based on the results, it could be concluded that lauric acid can be a replacer of antibiotic growth promoter and its supplementation in diets at 0.05% improved immunity and gut health, while higher dietary levels (0.1-0.2%) had no further beneficial effects on these attributes.

Keywords: Broilers, Gut morphometry, Immunity, Lauric acid

*Corresponding author: dnlakshmi@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Chandwade, V.A., Vasan, P., Sankar, V., Sri Balaji, N., Muralidharan, J. and Vasanthakumar, P. 2025. Growth performance of mecheri lambs and economics by replacing dietary protein with Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 187-195.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as an alternative to a conventional protein source on the growth performance of Mecheri lambs. Twenty four weaned male lambs of 3 months age (14.52±0.62 kg BW) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with six in each, viz., T₁ (control complete feed), and T₂, T₃ and T₄ complete feeds with MOLM at 3, 6 and 12% on dry matter to replace 5, 10 and 20% of dietary total protein, respectively. During the 120-day trial, the DMI, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were similar among all the groups. There was a net extra gain of (₹) 401, 459 and 633 in T₂, T₃ and T₄ groups than in T₁. The results revealed that up to 20% feed protein can be replaced with M. oleifera leaf meal to dmake a cheaper diet for Mecheri lamb without affecting animal performance.

Keywords: Complete feed, Cost-economics, Feed conversion efficiency, Moringa oleifera leaf meal

*Corresponding author: drpvasan@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Deo, C., Divya, Kumarkatam, S.S., Adgaonkar, A.B. and Rokade, J. 2025. Response of feeding different levels of dietary phosphorus and supplemental vitamin D3 on production performance, egg quality traits and serum biochemical parameters in laying hens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 197-208.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary available phosphorus (AP) and vitamin D3 on laying hens’ performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters. The 11-week (25-36 weeks) feeding trial involved two levels of AP (0.40 per cent and 0.30 per cent) and three vitamin D3 levels (1600, 2400, and 3200 IU/kg) in a 2×3 factorial design, with fourteen hens in individual cages receiving mash diets ad libitum. Results indicated that a diet with 0.40% AP significantly (P≤0.05) enhanced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and net feed efficiency compared to 0.30% AP. Significantly (P≤0.01) higher egg production and net efficiency (P≤0.05) were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin D3 compared to the other dietary levels of vitamin D3. A dietary combination of 0.40% AP with 2400 IU/ kg vitamin D3 resulted in significantly higher eggshell percentage and ratio, while 0.40% AP with 1600 IU/kg vitamin D3 improved eggshell thickness. Hens on the 0.40% AP diet exhibited significantly better egg weight, eggshell percentage, ratio, thickness, and yolk index than those on the 0.30% AP diet. At 1600 IU/kg vitamin D3, significantly higher yolk index, eggshell percentage, ratio, and thickness were recorded compared to other vitamin D3 levels. Higher alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in hens fed 0.30% AP compared to those fed 0.40% AP. Overall, 0.40% AP combined with 1600 IU/kg vitamin D3 was optimal for enhancing production performance, egg quality traits, and blood biochemical parameters in white leghorn hens from 25 to 36 weeks old. Over the years, the genetic advancement of commercial layer strains has aimed to enhance their productivity. As a result, ongoing research is essential to update the nutritional needs of these birds to achieve their full production capabilities.

Keywords: Available phosphorus, Egg quality, Layers, Serum biochemical, Vitamin D3

*Corresponding author: jaydeepvet@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Mahajan, C., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2025. Screening of spices for bioactive compounds and their effect on in vitro fermentation pattern and methanogenesis from total mixed ration. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 209-220.

In vitro gas production studies were conducted to assess the impact of six spices (viz. turmeric, clove, oregano, ajwain, cinnamon and ginger) on the rumen fermentation pattern and methane production. Spices were supplemented at 0, 1, 2 or 3% on DM basis to the total mixed ration (TMR) containing concentrate mixture and oat fodder in a 40:60 ratio on DM basis. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and 4 x 6 factorial design. Screening of spices for bio-active compounds revealed the highest concentration of total phenolics, flavonoids and Vitamin C activity in clove, saponins in turmeric, essential oils in oregano and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity in ajwain, respectively. Irrespective of the level of supplementation, the diet supplemented with cinnamon had the highest (P<0.01) net gas production (NGP) and metabolizable energy (ME). The diet supplemented with turmeric had the highest (P<0.01) digestibility of true OM and NDF, partitioning factor (PF), total VFAs and propionate concentration, acetate to propionate ratio, highest rumen fermentation efficiency and lowest methane production. Irrespective of the nature of spices, as compared to the unsupplemented TMR, the TVFAs and acetate production, fermentation efficiency and VFAs utilization index expressed by Non-Glucogenic/ Glucogenic ratio (NGGR) were improved (P<0.01) at 1% level of supplementation, but beyond this level the differences were non-significant. It was concluded that the digestibility of nutrients, VFA production, rumen fermentation efficiency, and methane mitigation potential can be improved by supplementing the diet with turmeric at 1% on a DM basis.

Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Methane mitigation, Net gas production, Spices

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Gaikwad, S.S., Desai, D.N., Ranade, A.S., Gole, M.A., Zende, R.J., Sawane, M.P., Jagadale, S.D. and Kurkure, N.V. 2025. Influence of milk thistle on the production performance of broilers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 221-233.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is widely used in poultry production due to its beneficial effects on liver health, immune function, and overall performance. It contains silymarin, a bioactive compound with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of milk thistle on the production performance of broilers. Vencobb 430Y broiler birds (n=300) were reared for five weeks. The day-old birds were randomly divided into five equal groups (A, B, C, D and E) of 60 birds each. Each group was further subdivided into six replicates of ten birds each. Group A served as the control, was supplemented with Herbal choline without Milk thistle at 250 g/T feed. Groups B, C, D, and E, were supplemented with the Herbal choline fortified with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% Milk thistle, respectively, at 250 g/T. This graded inclusion allowed assessment of the dose-dependent influence of Milk thistle on the performance and physiological responses of broilers. The performance parameters like live weight, gain in weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded and evaluated every week. The parameters for serum lipid profile, liver histomorphology and intestinal morphometry were evaluated at the end of the trial. The results at the end of five weeks suggested that the cumulative live weights at the end of five weeks were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the birds from the treatment groups as compared to the control group. A similar trend was observed in the gain in weight and feed consumption of the birds. These results were reflected in the feed conversion ratio, which was significantly better (P≤0.05) in the birds from all the treatment groups as compared to the birds from control group A. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were reported in liver histomorphology and intestinal morphometry values. However, the serum lipid values reported nonsignificant differences (P≥0.05). The mortality rate reported was well within the standard limits. Thus, inclusion of milk thistle in the diet of broilers significantly improves the growth performance of broilers with better profit margins without any negative effects.

Keywords: Broilers, Growth performance, Herbal choline, Milk thistle, Silymarin

*Corresponding author: sumitgaikwad06@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Debnath, C. 2025. Evaluation of Azolla pinnata as a protein source in the diet of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) during fry-to-fingerling rearing under hill conditions of meghalaya. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 235-245.

A 45-day study evaluated Azolla pinnata as a sustainable protein alternative to mustard oil cake in silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) fry diets under hill conditions. Conducted at ICAR-Fisheries Research Complex, Meghalaya (950 m altitude), the trial used outdoor concrete tanks (1000 L) from May to June 2023. Seven isonitrogenous diets (30% crude protein) were formulated, replacing mustard oil cake with dried Azolla at 0% (Control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 80%, and 100%. Fry (initial length: 1.8±0.12 cm; weight: 0.12±0.01 g) were stocked at 200000 ha⁻¹, with triplicate treatments. Feeding rates were adjusted from 10% to 5% of body weight over time. Water quality remained optimal: temperature (22.8–23.4°C), dissolved oxygen (6.0–6.8 mg L⁻¹), pH (7.4-7.7), and alkalinity (142.3-156.8 mg L⁻¹). Growth parameters, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival showed no significant differences (P>0.05) up to 50% Azolla inclusion (SGR: 5.28-5.43% day⁻¹; FCR: 1.80-1.89; survival: 90.5-93.2%). Regression analysis indicated an optimal inclusion level of 47.8% (R²=0.92). Higher inclusion levels (80-100%) reduced growth, survival, and economic efficiency. This research establishes that dried A. pinnata can successfully substitute up to 50% of mustard oil cake in silver barb fry diets while maintaining comparable growth performance, offering aquaculture practitioners in hill regions a sustainable and locally available protein source.

Keywords: Alternative protein sources, Azolla pinnata, Barbonymus gonionotus, Hill aquaculture, Sustainable aquafeed

*Corresponding author: chandannath23@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Vaghamashi, D.G., Garg, D.D., Sabapara, G.P., Chavda, J.A., Fefar, D.T., Ghodasara, S.N., Ribadiya, N.K. and Karangiya, V.K. 2025. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the production performance and health status of rhode island red hens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 247-255.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on production performance, egg quality traits and health status of Rhode Island Red (RIR) layers. One hundred and eighty, 24-week-old RIR layer birds were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, each having three replicates containing 15 birds per replicate. The treatments were T₁ (Control: Basal diet); T₂ : 1% MOLM in basal diet; T₃ : 3% MOLM in basal diet; T₄ : 5% MOLM in basal diet. The results revealed that average daily feed intake per bird (g/day) was lower (P<0.05) for hens supplemented with MOLM, with no effect on feed conversion ratio. The average hen-day egg production (%) and hen-housed egg production (%) of the experiment were higher (P<0.05) in T₃ and T₄ groups as compared to T₁. In addition, average egg weight was lower (P<0.05) in T₄ than in all other groups. Shell thickness was higher (P<0.05) in T₃ and T₄ than in T₂ and T₁ . However, egg length, egg width, shape index and shell weight were not affected by dietary treatments. The overall mean of albumen height, albumen width, albumen index, yolk width, yolk weight, Haugh unit and yolk colour score were improved (P<0.05) for MOLM supplemented groups than the control group. Except for triglycerides, all serum biochemical parameters were not affected by the addition of MOLM. Based on these findings, it was concluded that dietary inclusion of MOLM for RIR hens beneficially improves their performance and health status.

Keywords: Egg production, Haugh unit, Health status, Moringa leaf meal, Rhode Island Red

*Corresponding author: dgvaghamashi@kamdhenuuni.edu.in

ABSTRACT

Tiwari, A., Patil, A.K., Kurechiya, N., Keshri, A. and Dodwa, P. 2025. Effect of malic acid supplementation on feed intake, milk yield, milk quality and udder health in cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 257-263.

This study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation of malic acid on the milk yield, milk quality and udder health in indigenous dairy cows up to 90 days of lactation. Twelve multiparous lactating cows at the early stage of lactation were selected and randomly allotted to two similar groups (n=6) on the basis of body weight and milk yield. In addition to the basal diet, cows in group T₁ were fed malic acid at 30 g/animal/d. The results indicated that the overall mean body weight, body condition score, and average dry matter intake did not differ between the groups. The average milk yield, milk composition, as well as pH and somatic cell count, were similar in both groups. The mastitis incidence was 11.9% in the supplemented group compared to 21.4% in the control group, highlighting the role of malic acid in promoting udder health. Under the circumstances of the present experiment, it may be concluded that malic acid supplementation improves udder health in dairy cows.

Keywords: Dairy cow, Malic acid, Milk yield, Somatic cell count, Udder health

*Corresponding author: ashokdrpatil@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ojha, B.K., Singh, A., Kumar, G., Rajoriya, J.S. and Singh, A.K. 2025. Effect of pre-partum strategic supplementations on the performance of buffaloes and their calves: a review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 265-278.

Feeding during last trimester of gestation is very critical. One of the greatest challenges during the transition period is meeting the nutrient demands of the buffalo. In late gestation, the demands of the pregnant uterus are high, but the demands associated with early lactation are much greater. Requirements for pregnancy represent nutrients necessary to support both growth and maintenance of foetus, placenta, uterus and mammary gland. During this transition phase, the dry matter intake of buffaloes decreased, making it a challenging task to fulfil the animal’s nutritional needs. The pre-partum feeding management of buffaloes plays a vital role in the subsequent milk production and reproduction. The strategic supplementation of nutrients as per the physical and physiological needs of the animal may be beneficial. Diet should be formulated with proper supplementation of nutrients to achieve improved postpartum production and reproduction performance. Strategic supplementation of critical nutrients like energy, protein and minerals can help buffaloes to sustain their production and reproduction performance. So, this paper reviews the effect of pre-partum strategic supplementation on the performance of buffaloes and their calves.

Keywords: Buffalo, Calves, Pre-Partum, Strategic, Supplementation

*Corresponding author: drbrijesh.ojha@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Minhas, S. and Sharma, A. 2025. A review on Vitex negundo and its role as an additive for livestock and poultry. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 279-295.

There has been a steady rise in the consumption of poultry meat in India. Many countries have banned the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in poultry. Herbs stand out as a promising alternative. Chaste tree (Vitex negundo) is one of the herbs being explored for its role in improving animal health and productivity, especially in broilers. It has a widespread occurrence in the world and is also commonly found in India. The plant has been used in ethnoveterinary practices for many years. This review gathers information about antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anthelminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and insecticidal properties of the Vitex negundo plant. The properties are due to the presence of various phytochemicals in the plant. The review also highlights its effect as an additive on performance in poultry, especially broilers and livestock. With further well-designed, species-specific studies to standardize dosage, form, and long-term safety, Vitex negundo could be effectively utilized in poultry and livestock, offering a promising solution as a growth promoter, supporting animal health and productivity.

Keywords: Broilers, Herbs, Livestock, Poultry, Vitex negundo

*Corresponding author: sheizal.minhas18@gmail.com

ANFT SEP 2025

ABSTRACT

Chaurasia, S., Jadhav, S.E., Pattanaik, A.K. and Dutta, N. 2025. Effect of gestational supplementation of phytogenic feed additive on nutrient utilization at late pregnancy and performance of goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 297-311.

The present study was carried out to assess the effect of supplementation with a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) throughout gestation on the performance of goats in late pregnancy and on colostrum yield and composition. The PFA formulation comprised Withania somnifera, Woodfordia fruitcosa, Solanum nigrum and Trigonella foenum-graceum. Adult goats (n=20) were divided into four equal groups. Goats in non-pregnant control (nCON) and pregnant control (CON) groups were fed a basal diet only; however, goats in two more pregnant groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with phytogenic feed additive at one (PFA1) and two (PFA2) per cent of the expected DMI daily during the whole gestation. The digestibility of nutrients at 120 days of pregnancy revealed a positive impact of PFA in terms of higher digestibility of NDF (P<0.035), DM (P=0.065) and EE (P=0.067). There was a beneficial effect of PFA supplementation on nitrogen and calcium retention of pregnant goats; however, retention of phosphorus was significantly higher in the PFA-supplemented groups compared to the pregnant control group. The yield of colostrum was significantly higher (P=0.017) in the PFA2 group than in the CON group, with intermediate values in the PFA1 group. The fat content as well as the yield of protein and fat in the colostrum were significantly (P<0.001) higher in the PFA-supplemented groups as compared to the CON group. It is concluded that the formulated PFA supplementation at 1 to 2 per cent of DMI improved the digestibility of NDF, increased retention of phosphorus, and influenced nitrogen and calcium retention in pregnant goats and had a positive impact on the colostrum yield and its composition.

Keywords: Colostrum, Digestibility, Goat, Nutrient utilization, Phytogenic feed additive, Pregnancy

*Corresponding author: sejadhav1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rathod, S.B., Deshpande, K.Y., Sonawane, A.S., Shelke, P.R., Kharwadkar, M.D., Londhe, S.V., Shinde, A.T., Latpate, C.B. and Sonegaonkar, A.D. 2025. Evaluation of mulberry fodder (Morus alba) based total mixed ration in growing Osmanabadi goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technolog, 25: 313- 329.

An experiment was conducted on eighteen growing Osmanabadi goats (4-5 months) for 90 days to evaluate their growth performance influenced by the inclusion of mulberry fodder in the total mixed ration (TMR) at different levels. The control group (T₀) was fed TMR containing Dharwad Hybrid Napier-6 (DHN-6), concentrate and sorghum straw; while T₁ and T₂ groups received TMRs (mulberry fodder, sorghum straw and concentrate mixture) in which mulberry fodder (Morus alba) was included at 20% and 30% respectively, on dry matter (DM) basis. The intake of DM and OM reduced significantly in T₂. The total weight gain, average daily gain and nutrient digestibility was comparable. Goats in T₁ and T₀ had significantly better body condition scores. Haemoglobin (g/dl) reduced linearly from 0 to 60 days; however, improved at 90 days. The PCV (%) and CMI response were significantly higher in mulberry fodder groups. The albumin (g/dl) and A:G ratio was significantly higher in T₂. However, globulin (g/dl) was significantly lower in T₂. Albumin (g/dL) and A:G ratio were reduced significantly at days 60 and 90 compared to days 0 and 30. The blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) and faecal egg count reduced linearly (P<0.05) with an increase in mulberry inclusion. The total cost of production was significantly higher in T₀, followed by T₁ and T₂, respectively. It is concluded that mulberry fodder inclusion up to 20 parts (DM basis) in TMR of goats improved performance, blood parameters, immune response and reduced cost of production in growing Osmanabadi goats.

Keywords: Growth performance, Mulberry (Morus alba), Osmanabadi goats, Total mixed ration

*Corresponding author: kuldeepdeshpande@mafsu.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Mishra, A., Verma, A.K., Munde, V.K., Ojha, B.K. and Bisht, P. 2025. Maternal supplementation of betaine improves performance of neonatal pigs, but does not influence nutrient utilization during later phases of life. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 331-344.

This study investigated the effects of maternal diet supplementation of betaine on the performance of neonatal pigs, with a focus on the offspring’s nutrient utilization with or without dietary betaine supplementation during the grower and finisher phases. A total of twelve crossbred (Landrace × Desi) gestating sows were randomly assigned to two groups (n=6). Sows in the control group (D0) were fed a standard diet to meet their nutrient requirements, while sows in the treatment group (D1) were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 3g of betaine per kg of dry matter (DM) throughout gestation. After weaning, twelve piglets from each sow group were randomly distributed into two experimental groups (n=6/group) based on a 2×2 factorial design. Piglets from groups D0O0 (born to sows not receiving betaine) and D1O0 (born to sows receiving betaine) were not supplemented with betaine, while piglets in groups D0O1 (born to sows not receiving betaine) and D1O1 (born to sows receiving betaine) received supplementary betaine. Results indicated that litter size and birth weight were higher (P=0.07) in the betaine-supplemented groups, while both litter size and weaning weight were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the betaine-supplemented maternal diet groups. Nutrient utilization (P<0.05) and body weight at finishing (P<0.001) were significantly higher in piglets from groups D0O1 and D1O1 compared to D0O0 and D1O0. Regardless of maternal supplementation, betaine supplementation in the piglet diet improved both nutrient utilization and finishing weight. It was concluded that while maternal betaine supplementation improved neonatal pig performance, it did not affect the nutrient utilization at finishing phase. Supplementing betaine at 3g/kg DM throughout the entire rearing period would be beneficial for optimizing nutrient utilization and growth performance in crossbred pigs.

Keywords: Betaine, Finishing weight, Maternal programming, Neonatal performance, Nutrient utilization, Pig

*Corresponding author: mishra04@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Bhardwaj, A., Kumar, A., Roy, D., Tripathi, A., Gupta, A., Kumar, A., Singh, A.K., Singh, R.K., Kumar, A., Tiwari, R. and Kapil, S. 2025. Maternal performance and hematobiochemical adaptations of Barbari goats fed high-nutrient diets across the periparturient period. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 345-358.

The transition from late gestation to early lactation represents a critical physiological window characterized by high nutritional demands and metabolic stress. This study evaluated the effects of a strategically augmented high nutrient diet across peripartum period on body weight dynamics, feed intake and health status in Barbari goats. The twenty-four pregnant female Barbari goats of 30 days pre-partum after being properly confirmed via mating history and ultrasonography were randomly assigned to four groups (n=6); control group without (cNN) and three treatment groups tNH, tHN and tHH with concentrate supplementation at 15g/kg metabolic body weight strategically over and above the basal diet during pre-, post- and throughout (i.e. both pre- and post-partum) period of 60 days feeding trial, respectively. The result indicates a significant improvement in average daily gain (ADG) with a high nutrient diet for both the pre- and post-partum periods. Pre-partum ADG was markedly higher (P<0.05) in groups receiving late-gestation supplementation (tHN: 91.37g; tHH: 90.91g) compared to non-supplemented groups (cNN: 71.70g; tNH: 70.62g). Following parturition, groups receiving lactation-phase supplementation (tNH and tHH) achieved rapid weight recovery (ADG about 25 g /d), whereas non-supplemented groups experienced persistent negative gain (ADG about -4.5 g /d). While absolute dry matter intake (DMI, g /d) remained comparable across groups, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed when intake was expressed relative to body weight (g/kg BW/d) or metabolic body weight (g/kgW0.75/d). Hematological profiles (RBC, WBC) and liver function indices (total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) remained within the physiological normal range for all does. Serum glucose levels were slightly elevated in supplemented groups, reflecting improved energy balance. Although periodic variations were observed in serum proteins (total protein, albumin, and globulin) around the day of parturition, no adverse effects on health or metabolic status were detected. It can be concluded that supplementing high nutrient concentrate diet at 15 g/kg metabolic body weight in Barbari goats during the peripartum period effectively takes care of the nutritional stress and facilitates superior pre-partum weight gain and accelerates post-partum recovery without altering absolute dry matter intake or compromising maternal health.

Keywords: Hematobiochemical adaptations, High nutrient diets, Maternal performance, Pregnant goats

*Corresponding author: ajitraj2k@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Mogale, R., Amrutkar, S.A., Wankhede, S.M., Munde, V.K., Deshpande, K.Y. and Vaidya, M.M. 2025. Bioconversion of fall armyworm-damaged maize fodder into silage: an assessment of nutritional quality, cattle performance, health and economic viability. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 359-372.

This study evaluated the potential of utilizing fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) affected maize fodder as silage for feeding Red Kandhari heifers over a 90-day period. Twelve heifers were divided into two groups: Group MS received normal maize silage, while group FMS was fed silage prepared from FAW-damaged fodder. Both groups were supplemented with concentrate and Sorghum stovers to meet the nutrient requirement. Results indicated that the chemical composition of FAW-affected silage was comparable to normal silage. Fermentation quality was also comparable between the silages, with pH (4.1) and total volatile fatty acids (2.25 mmol / 100 mL) indicating successful preservation. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in fortnightly weight gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, or nutrient digestibility between the groups. Hemato-biochemical parameters remained within normal ranges and did not differ significantly. Economically, feeding FAW-affected silage had a comparable cost of production per heifer, demonstrating high prospects in waste utilization. The findings confirmed that FAW-damaged maize could be effectively ensiled without compromising feed quality, animal health, or economic returns, supporting its use as a sustainable strategy for agricultural waste valorization in livestock production.

Keywords: Fall armyworm, Maize silage, Red Kandhari heifer, Spodoptera frugiperda, Waste utilization

*Corresponding author: drsuhasamrutkar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Oviya, A., Dutta, N., Kaur, N. and Jadhav, S.E. 2025. Effect of Withania somnifera and Asparagus racemosus supplementation on in vitro gas production, substrate degradation and methane emission. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 373-380.

This study was performed to ascertain the supplementary effect of Withania somnifera (WS; Ashwagandha) and Asparagus racemosus (AR; Shatavari) on in vitro gas production, substrate degradation and methane emission in cattle inoculum. The concentrate mixture, wheat straw and green maize fodder (60:20:20 on dry basis) were used as a substrate and WS and AR were incorporated at the levels of 0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%. Further, combinations of WS and RA at various ratios such as 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 were incorporated at 0, 1.0 and 2.0% levels. The supplementary effect of WS and AR on substrate degradation revealed significant (P<0.05) enhancement in gas production, truly degraded organic matter in the rumen (TDOMR), microbial biomass production (MBP) and partitioning factor (PF) than the unsupplemented group (CON). The effect of herbal combinations on substrate degradation revealed that gas production and TDOMR were significantly (P<0.05) higher at 2:1 ratio of WS and AR followed by 1:1 and 1:2 ratios relative to CON. The MBP and PF were significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the herbal combinations groups than CON. The inclusion of WS and AR (2:1) at 1.0% manifested significant (P<0.05) reduction in methane emission followed by WS and AR at 1.0% level. It may be established that the inclusion of herbs alone or in combination substantially increased substrate degradation and efficiency of MBP. However, the combination of both the herbs at 1.0% level also beneficially reduced methane emission.

Keywords: Asparagus racemosus, Gas production, Methane production, Rumen fermentation, Withania somnifera

*Corresponding author: dutta65@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kumar, K., Kumar, D., Kumar, S., Singh, P.K. and Sinha, R.R.K. 2025. Comparative effects of Ocimum sanctum leaf meal and antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 381-390.

This study was intended to determine the comparative effects of Ocimum sanctum leaf meal (OSLM) and antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits in broiler chickens. One hundred forty-four day-old unsexed broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were divided into four different treatment groups. T₁ served as control, T₂ were fed basal ration with OSLM at 1%, T₃ offered basal ration with OSLM at 2%, T₄ offered basal ration with AGP (Virginiamycin) at 0.0025% for 42 days of experiment. The OSLM was prepared in the laboratory using freshly collected O. sanctum leaves and stored appropriately for daily use. It was administered to the birds through top-dressing over the feed at the time of feeding. All birds were reared under standard managemental practices throughout the experimental period. There were no significant differences found between the T₃ and T₄ groups in growth performance and feed efficiency, but both groups showed improvement over the control group. Notably, the T₃ group showed a 6.43% improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control, while improvements in FCR were also observed in the T₄ (5.20%) and T₂ (3.40%) groups. Carcass characteristics and meat chemical composition remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. However, improved FCR, feed intake and growth performance in the birds supplemented with 2% OSLM, followed by those in the virginiamycin group, highlights the economic advantage of using Ocimum sanctum as a natural growth promoter in broiler production.

Keywords: Carcass trait, Feed efficiency, Growth performance, Ocimum sanctum, Virginiamycin

*Corresponding author: drkaushalbvc@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Khandekar, A., Wade, M.R., Manwar, S.J., Kuralkar, S.V., Ingole, R.S., Amrutkar, S.A. and Deshpande, K.Y. 2025. Effect of feeding black soldier fly larvae meal on production performance and egg quality in layers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 391-401.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of feeding black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on production performance and egg quality in 144 BV-300 laying hens. Birds were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments with six replicates comprising six birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were T₁ (basal diet), T₂ (1.5% BSFL meal), T₃ (3% BSFL meal) and T₄ (4.5% BSFL meal). Productive performance was assessed for 10 weeks and egg quality was determined once every two weeks by randomly collecting two eggs per replicate. The result showed that layer birds fed with 4.5% BSFL meal recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher feed consumption, weekly egg production, weekly egg biomass, and average egg weight per bird. The weekly FCR was also significantly better on an egg biomass basis in birds fed with 4.5% BSFL meal than in control and 1.5% BSFL meal fed birds. The provision of BSFL meal up to 4.5% had no significant effect (P>0.05) on body weight, hen house and hen day egg production as well as FCR on an egg number basis. The egg quality parameters, viz. egg weight, shape index, yolk index, yolk colour score, and eggshell thickness, were not affected. There was no mortality during the experimental period. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of BSFL meal up to 4.5% in the basal diet is effective to improve production performance of laying hens, enhance egg quality parameters and economics of egg production.

Keywords: Black soldier fly larvae, Egg production, Egg quality, Layers

*Corresponding author: drmangeshwade@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kaur, M.P., Kondal, J.K. and Walia, G.K. 2025. Mitigating chromium’s impact on flesh protein and lipid levels in Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) using dietary ascorbic acid. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 403-410.

The study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of chromium on the flesh protein and lipid levels of fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio L. (common carp) and the ameliorating action of dietary ascorbic acid on chromium-impacted fish flesh. Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio L. were kept in two different concentrations (i.e. 1/5th and 1/10th 96h LC50) of chromium water for 28 days after assessing 96 h LC50 using a static bioassay. A total of six treatment groups were set up; one treatment group for each concentration was fed on an ascorbic acid-supplemented diet. Protein and Lipid estimation from the flesh of fish was assessed for each group. The results revealed a significant reduction of lipid and protein levels in chromium-exposed fish, with severity linked to concentration and exposure duration. However, a decrease in levels of lipid and protein was notably less in supplemented groups, thus showing the ameliorative properties of ascorbic acid against chromium toxicity. It can be concluded that chromium alters flesh protein and lipid content in the fish whereas ascorbic acid can act as an ameliorating agent, which further may help to safeguard fish production in chromium-contaminated water bodies near industrial areas.

Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Chromium, Fish, Flesh, Lipid, Protein

*Corresponding author: manmeetpal37@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Sarwade, V.R., Deshmukh, S.S., Londhe, G.K., Patil, R.A. and Padghan, P.V. 2025. Effect of feeding soymilk blended with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and feeding cost in Osmanabadi kids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 411-417.

This research aimed to examine the impact of supplementing soymilk blended with turmeric powder on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, parasitic incidence and feeding cost in Osmanabadi kids. The trial was carried out over 180 days. A total of 20 kids, aged between 3 to 6 months and of similar body conformation, were randomly divided into four dietary groups (T₁ to T₄) with five animals in each. All groups received a standard concentrate mixture with 50 ml of soymilk, while groups T₂, T₃, and T₄ were additionally supplemented with 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% turmeric powder, respectively (% of turmeric powder based on concentrate mixture). Green and dry fodder were offered freely throughout the experiment. Weekly records of growth performance, i.e body weight, body length, chest girth and height were maintained. The results indicated that kids in the T₄ group showed significantly higher gains in body weight and body measurements compared to the other groups. Final body weight and average daily weight gain were highest in T₄, with an 18.29% improvement over the control (T₁). Dry matter intake (687.40 g/day), digestibility of crude protein (73.96%), ether extract (64.04%) and NFE (65.07%) were also highest in T₄ and feeding cost per kg weight gain was lowest in T₄ ( ₹ 184.98). The findings highlight the potential benefits of using 1.0 % turmeric powder in soymilk as a natural growth promoter, and also improve feed utilisation and profitability in Osmanabadi kids.

Keywords: Body weight gain, Growth traits, Osmanabadi kids, Soymilk, Turmeric supplementation

*Corresponding author: sarwadevaishnavi19@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Sharma, A., Kala, A. and Chaudhary, L.C. 2025. Insights into practical techniques for enhancing shelf life of probiotics. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 25: 419-437.

Probiotics are beneficial live microorganisms which exert positive effects by enhancing gut microbial balance, strengthening immune defence and modulating host immunity. However, their efficacy is often hindered by challenges in maintaining their viability through gastrointestinal transit and storage. Microencapsulation and lyophilization are highlighted as key techniques for improving the stability, targeted delivery and shelf life of probiotics. Studies show that microencapsulation helps in protecting probiotics from harsh digestive conditions, while lyophilization enhances their storage longevity without compromising potency. In vivo research confirms that probiotics, particularly in encapsulated or lyophilized forms, significantly improve animal health, nutrient absorption, immune function and overall productivity. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing delivery methods to maximize the health benefits of probiotics in animal nutrition.

Keywords: Delivery, Encapsulation, Gut health, Mechanism of action, Probiotics, Shelf life

*Corresponding author: als.alisha@gmail.com